Government Intervention in Venezuela’s Economy

Financial Commentary_1 The article: How would venezuela be able to be so wealthy in assets, however so low in provisions? By Douglas French/April 24, 2012 http://www. csmonitor. com/Business/The-Circle-Bastiat/2012/0424/How-can-Venezuela-be-so-rich-in-assets however so-low-in-provisions To what broaden do a country’s normal assets clarify whether purchaser products are on the nation’s racks for individuals to purchase. Venezuela is a prime case of this question.This is a nation having bountiful common assets for it is one of the world’s top oil makers and plentiful in gold and different minerals, additionally the rich soil and mild atmosphere permit the nation for beneficial agribusiness. Be that as it may, there are deficiencies of staple items like milk, meat and composing paper. This analysis centers around the fundamental explanation causing this issue in Venezuela that is over mediation of the administration towards the free market. So as to keep up the degr ee of shopper costs, the leader of Venezuela forced value controls by setting the value ceilings.Government authorities guarantee â€Å"companies cause deficiencies intentionally, holding items off the market to push up costs. This month, the legislature required value cuts on organic product juice, toothpaste, expendable diapers and in excess of twelve different items. † However, awful results of the value roofs set by the administration were inescapable as far as deficiencies in gracefully, diminished market size, end of allocative productivity and illegal businesses. In figure1. 1, the first market harmony cost under the intercession of free market is at Pe where the amount requested and the amount provided are equal.After mediation of the focal government, a coupling value roof is set and the new market cost is made at Pmax where the amount provided is a lot of lower than amount requested. The misleadingly low cost has caused more interest for the item, accordingly making a development from Qe along the interest bend to Qd. Simultaneously, makers slice creation in light of the lower cost, descending along the flexibly bend from Qe to Qs. The separation among Qd and Qs shows a deficiency of the positive qualities in supply.Because of this, presently inhabitants in Caracas are compelled to depend on the once seven days conveyances made to government-financed stores. In addition, as figure1. 2 proposes, the hole among Qs and Qd makes a strain in the market. At Qs there are numerous buyers who would pay more than Pmax if Qs is available. These shoppers may have a solid motivator to pick up the products and ventures they need on the underground market. Thus, the flexibly bend will shoot straight up at Qs and the cost will raise straight up by then high on the interest curve.This shows that some value roofs may really drive the cost higher than the first harmony and can be simply applied to the instance of Venezuela. Additionally, setting a most extreme v alue lower than the market balance cost will bring about a diminished market size as a portion of the organizations will be driven out of the market. The administration setting costs are excessively low for organizations to bring in cash so they either shorten creation or stop all together. As appeared in figure 2. 1, at first the maker excess of the privately owned businesses, regarding benefit, determined by firms is appeared as the territory from the underlying business sector value line to the gracefully curve.After value controls by the administration, presently the new maker surplus is appeared as the zone from the new value line to the flexibly bend which is littler than previously and this mirrors a lower maker overflow, subsequently a government assistance misfortune in the general public. Moreover, the value roofs dispense with an allocative productivity in the country’s economy in a serious market as it must be accomplished when the general public creates a suffici ent decent so the minor advantages is equivalent to the peripheral, at the end of the day, maker gracefully and shopper request meet at a market balance price.Due to mediation of the administration, value controls disenable society to get merchandise and enterprises it needs most. As Times makes reference to, â€Å"some of the deficiencies are in businesses, similar to dairy and espresso, where the administration has held onto privately owned businesses and is presently running them, saying it is in the national intrigue. † But the outcome of this activity is that the legislature will transform the business sectors into restraining infrastructures as there would be just state proprietorship in these enterprises, so there are no rivalries between different firms and purchasers won't have the option to get substitutes in the markets.What’s more, while these ventures are by and large totally constrained by the focal organizer and make state responsibility for components o f creation notwithstanding the guide of Venezuela communist government, it will bring about the absence of individual property rights and motivating force to accomplish greatest effectiveness in the utilization of assets which describe private possession. To close, Venezuela is a regularly wealthy in assets yet extremely low in provisions, value controls in the business sectors just as

My Life as a Misfit free essay sample

The world was here numerous a year prior to me, and it will be here numerous a year after Im gone. Sick recognize a job well done. These words have guided my life for quite a while. It is one of those life exercises that we as a whole ought to learn, however for reasons unknown, many don't. I need to inform you concerning myself, my life, my years experiencing childhood in modest community America, how it influenced me, transformed me, how my life as yet has made me all of who I am, and why I would not change my past for anything on earth. Since the beginning, grown-ups have remarked on my development, both in mentality and in manner. This was the grown-up point of view, yet to other youngsters I was unique, straightforward as can be. When youre extraordinary, when you stand apart from every other person, you are an obvious objective. We will compose a custom article test on My Life as a Misfit or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I turned into the verbal and physical punching sack for a decision few. Whoever instituted the saying Sticks and stones may break my bones, however words will never hurt me knew nothing. A portion of my most exceedingly awful recollections are words that were stated, not punches that were tossed my direction. At the point when I was nine or ten, the majority of the physical badgering halted. The explanation? I grew up truly. I was the tallest individual in my group. Most would-be menaces would prefer to manage a less scary objective, along these lines, generally, I was disregarded. I was as yet marked a social pariah by my friends, however. Sick most likely never know why, however being on the edge of kid society permitted me a one of a kind point of view. I could look into circumstances that didn't include me, and study them. I got intrigued with the decisions individuals made. This position additionally allowed me the companions I have today; like me, they were likewise dismisses. Some were too brilliant and some simply seen reality in an unexpected way. There were just a couple of us. We were not prepares, we were not muscle heads; on the off chance that you needed to mark us, we were a lot of oddities and nerds. I just had a couple of companions, however they were extremely valuable. These were companions I could trust with my life. My lesser year, and the late spring tailing it, transformed me. This year was the first in an extended period of time that I discovered some similarity to acknowledgment with a lion's share of my companions. I can best analogize this way: we were all running a race, a race toward development. Similarly as with each race, a few sprinters blast forward while others fall behind. I would prefer not to sound narcissistic, yet I was there hanging tight for every other person to cross the end goal, and when they did, I was unable to fight the temptation to ask What took you such a long time? I realize this seems like the start. That is on the grounds that it is. I am not here to clarify how this story will end, and that is the place you come in. Through my preliminaries I have improved as an individual; I have become solid willed and not handily prevented by little incidents. Where I set off for college will decide a mind-blowing remainder. I have concluded that I need to seek after a profession in brain science. I need to help other people, particularly those whose issues may originate from an upset adolescence. I need to help other people find the quality inside, the manner in which I had the option to find the quality that lies in me, the quality that will assist me with making my life and profession a genuine progress.

The Function Of Subtitle

The Function Of Subtitle As indicated by Mitterer H, McQueen JM, their book named Foreign Subtitle Help however Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception. Understanding the remote discourse isn't simple in like manner, particularly on account of bizarre mapping among sounds and words. It is realized that crowds in their local language can utilize lexical information (about now words should sound) to figure out how to pronouns an abnormal remote word in the film. Captions are ordinarily arranged in a film, to give lexical data, bolster perceptual finding out about remote discourse for those crowds. As per Cai Q, Brysbaert M, his book SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Captions are likewise makes video increasingly available for individuals with hearing handicaps or hard of hearing. It is difficult to listen when the new territorial emphasize is in new unknown dialects. The surprising remote vowels and consonants may confuse more with local sound classes, truly will neglect to coordinate any local classification. This circumstance emerges, for instance, when we watch a film in a non-local language, a Malaysian audience, familiar with English and Chinese, viewing a Thailand film. The person in question may have impressive trouble understanding the language utilized in the film. To receive each one of those movies or film into target language culture, producers use naming, voice-over and captions to make the film increasingly satisfactory to those remote nations. Also, captions can interpret discourse, signs, letters and demonstrate sounds to help the hard of hearing and in n eed of a hearing aide to see more and follow the plot of the film. As indicated by reference book, it said that caption is utilized to decipher beforehand unheard words in a film for those crowds. The capacity to encode rules and to distinguish rule-damaging occasions outside the focal point of consideration is fundamental for versatile conduct. Our cerebrum accounts uncover that infringement of unique sound-related guidelines are handled in any event, when the sounds are missing. At the point when subjects played out an undertaking identified with the sounds however not to the standard, rule infringement debilitated errand identified with the sounds yet not to the standard, rule infringement hindered task execution and initiated a system including supratemporal, parietal and frontal territories albeit none of the subjects obtained express information on the standard or got mindful of rule infringement. The finding this happens in any event, when subjects don't present the sounds underpins the speculation that theoretical principle encoding happens unexpectedly. The worldly and auxiliary qualities of the important cerebrum reaction (MMN) were for all intents and purposes indistinguishable in all conditions, that is, when subjects were overlooking the sounds, when they went to the sounds however administers were task-insignif icant, and when they went to the sounds and rules were task-applicable.( Schrã ¶ger E, Bendixen A, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Roeber U ,2007) As per the Wikipedia, It declares that captions showed at the base of a film or TV screen that interpret or deciphers the discourse or account in the film. It is likewise giving extra data about its substance like monolog, mind-thinking and feeling. Those captions can be in various classes: story, constrained, content, titles just, reward, restricted and broadened/extended. While conveying content, captions can show up in one of 3 kinds: Hard (otherwise called hard-captions or open captions), Prerendered (otherwise called shut captions are independent video outlines that are overlaid on the first video stream while playing), Delicate (otherwise called delicate captions or shut captions). The constructive outcomes of captions As indicated by Mitterer H and McQueen JM, their book Foreign Subtitle Help yet Native Language Subtitle Harm Foreign Speech Perception, what the gathering found the best preferred position of captions is the way that it saves the first sound track. On account of the captions, the on-screen characters talk with their unique voice, and the vibe sounds are not disturbed by voice-over or embedded naming chronicles. At the point when the crowds read the captions, they will more comprehend about the activity, feeling and the articulation by the on-screen characters in the film. Subsequently, the crowds will turn out to be more intrigue and can be followed the part on the film. The captions in a film additionally center around the discourse demonstration of characters. Crowd can follow the film by perusing the captions at the base of the screen. It fill in as a guide not just for the hard of hearing and deaf, yet additionally for individuals who get familiar with the unknown dialects or wh o need visual guide aside structure sound contribution for study. It is to guarantee the considering unknown dialect process is viable. So the impacts are a higher priority than lexical components. Captions in the language of the film show which words are being verbally expressed, thus can help discourse finding out about remote discourse sounds and pronouns. The audience members can figure out how to decipher an uncertain phoneme based on disambiguating lexical settings. That is the reason the film consistently has arranged the outside captions for the crowds. As per Cai Q, Brysbaert M, the book was named SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character. Captions given the earlier work on lexical retuning inside the local language, and the proposal that adjustment to remote complemented discourse is partially lexically determined, might be lexical retuning likewise in second-language tuning in. That is, audience members might have the option to retune discourse sound classifications dependent on their insight about how remote words should sound or pronouns. Inside captions, those audience members can find out about new local accents in an unknown dialect in the film by perusing captions arranged. It is a component of lexically-guided perceptual learning. English captions should give gave in the vast majority of the movies, since it is universal language. It can give the additional data about the words being verbally expressed by a character. As per encyclopedia.com, captions are a valuable methods for imparting what is being said on the film to hard of hearing individuals. Captions are additionally utilized for some different reasons than this, and hard of hearing individuals frequently lean toward not to have them or to utilize another strategy on account of the downside of captioning. Moreover, outside film are frequently captioned to permit the individuals who don't have the foggiest idea about the language to follow the activity. As a genuine model, a great deal of Thailand film are captioned with English for the crowds to ensure the film worthy by others in outside nations like Malaysia. As indicated by the United Kingdom News and magazine, there thought of some remark about the captions. Captions can give an extra wellspring of data about the words that being expressed, and henceforth the sounds being heard, thus should strengthen lexically-guided learning. Our database is the first to incorporate data about the relevant decent variety of the words and to give great recurrence assessments to multi-character words and the distinctive syntactic jobs in which the words are utilized. The word frequencies are uninhibitedly accessible for look into purposes. Captions are a decent gauge of day by day language introduction and catch a great part of the change in words preparing effectiveness. As indicated by the Wikipedia, it reports that caption is a gift and it truly causes the individuals to comprehend the plot of the film. It is additionally not an issue for individuals who watching film in an over-burden mood melodies and surrounding commotion condition. It is a valid justification why the guardians can take care their youngster when viewing a film. In the event that you don't comprehend a word that have been verbally expressed by the entertainer, you may take a gander at the caption, it enables hearing weakened individuals to comprehend a film. Individuals will more comprehend what the characters are stating and show signs of improvement thought of what's going on. The negative impacts of captions Captions are constrained both in existence. A normal caption comprises of a couple of lines of content, most extreme 35 characters each. This impediment joined with the way that on caption is all things considered showed for four seconds gives us hard time to cover long expressions in dialogs.(Richard Curtis, 2003) As per United Kingdom News and magazine, another principle disservice is the captions are for the most part focusing on educated individuals with perusing abilities created to a high degree. It is required from crowd to peruse sufficiently fast and don't just focus on the captions, yet additionally the picture above or simply behind the captions, and frequently requires from them to utilize the two aptitudes at the same time. Is that outlandish focuses on both in an entire film? Obviously, for non-hard of hearing individuals they can at present hear the feeling in an on-screen characters voice regardless of whether it is in an alternate or unknown dialect yet it is difficult to follow such a significant number of things. Different nations want to name program and film-where an entertainer communicating in the language of the nation where it is to be demonstrated is recorded over the first language. In any case, this is exorbitant and tedious and just worth the while of the group in t he event that it is to be appeared to countless individuals. Be that as it may, once more, comparable contentions win concerning subtleties being lost-particularly as the captions will in general be a careful interpretation instead of considering, and feelings being lost. Leo Freedman has a remark about the issue. I saw a sublime caption botch two or multi month ago㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦there was a report on the report about another business strategy that would profit a large number of jobless and devastated Indian residents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦the caption read If this arrangement works, it might be set to accomplish considerably more that my lounger man Ghandi! That kept me diverted for a considerable length of time! Or on the other hand perhaps Muhatma had a lounger organization I am ignorant of? As indicated by the Wikipedia, it said that interpretation of captioning is some of the time totally different from the interpretation of composed content. Typically, the manager will watch the image and tune in to the sound sentence by sentence when a film or a film is captioned. The supervisor might approach a composed transcript of the

Noting a Few Important Points Note Taking Techniques

Class is over. Michael sighs, leans back, and stretches his fingers, which are cramped from nonstop writing. He briefly surveys (with virtuous pride) what he’s done in his spiral notebook over the last fifty minutes. Mission accomplished, he thinks. No one can accuse him of sleeping through class! He slams the notebook shut, shoves it in his backpack, and heads off to lunch, soccer practice, and the rest of his day. Fast forward to the night before the big test. Michael settles into his study chair and opens his notebook marked â€Å"American Government.† He stares blankly at what seems to be an alien language. â€Å"Am cvc pblc—nt wrg, but overrtd.† Then, in capitals, â€Å"EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL.† Then randomly, a triangle. Wait—did he label the triangle? No, next to it is a note about something completely irrelevant—â€Å"buy gym socks. 2 pr.† Maybe on the next page? That’s a list of people who might be Supreme Court Justices—or they could be Speakers of the House. Who knows? The rest of the pages are much the same. Most are not completely filled. There is little coherence to bind what snippets of information Michael can decipher. His virtuous pride dissipates into thin air. Jan, who sits two rows behind Mike in class, always takes notes on her laptop. Her keyboarding skills are good; she’s fast and rarely makes mistakes. When Jan opens the document titled â€Å"American Government,† lack of information is not a problem. There are pages and pages of content. Clarity is not an issue for Jan either. Terms are spelled and defined correctly. Sentences are complete. So why is Jan frowning? Perhaps it’s because she realizes she’s essentially looking at almost full reproductions of every lecture. Nothing is summarized. Nothing is categorized or organized. There is simply a glut of information. Note taking techniques are as individual as the person taking the notes, but notes are only valuable when they help you to remember the lecturer’s message correctly. What are the problems facing the two students above? Well, Michael’s handwritten notes are largely undecipherable. Lacking clarity, they cannot transmit even basic information. Jan’s pages offer a wealth of facts. However, they give no indication of the relative importance of individual concepts. Like a textbook with every line highlighted, the notes cannot help her determine on what to focus. Who is in the better situation? Interestingly enough, according to Katrina Schwartz, it is probably Michael! In an article called â€Å"Taking Notes: Is The Pen Still Mightier Than the Keyboard?,† Schwartz examines whether using a laptop to take notes in class gives a student any advantage over using the old-fashioned notebook and pen. Presenting information from experiments conducted by researchers Pam Mueller and Daniel Oppenheimer, Schwartz emphasizes the most important step of all note-taking techniques: processing. Michael is â€Å"selecting† material as he writes, not just blindly copying. He could benefit from writing more clearly, but he is actually interacting with the information—and ironically, is likely to retain more than Jan with her pages and pages. So what to do? Should we haul our computers to the recycling center and head to the mall to pick up jumbo packs of pens? Not necessarily. Below are a few note taking techniques: Speed is not your friend. Schwartz outlines a few ideas for making computer notes more effective. The simplest of these is slow down. Just because you can keyboard at a speed that leaves your laptop smoking doesn’t mean you should. The research points to this: Slowing down helps you to interact with the material more. Take a cyber-break. If you always go to class with your laptop, then follow Schwartz’s advice and trade it for a pen for one day. Not being able to record as quickly will probably be irksome at first. See above. â€Å"Chunk† (group) related information. You can organize information by separating it into major points, minor points, and examples. If you have trouble distributing the lecture’s content into these categories, ask your teacher to clarify the material. Notes are not fine wine. Don’t leave them untouched in your laptop or notebook to â€Å"age.† Review them right away. Add anything you remember. Rewrite them! (Note: Rewriting notes is a surprisingly effective way to impress information on the brain. However it is time consuming and best reserved for a class where the material is particularly challenging.) Think of yourself as leaving a set of instructions for your future self. Your goal is to be as clear as possible for that future you. Experiment! The perfect note-taker has not yet been born! Try something new. If you are studying subjects (such as math or science) that lend themselves to diagramming, create graphics next to your written notes. Ask friends what works for them. Consult with your teachers. Even if you are satisfied with your note-takinghabits, do something different occasionally. There is always a way to make your process better. A+ Test Prep and Tutoring provides tutoring in all academic subjects, executive function coaching, and test preparation for the PSAT, SAT, ACT, AP exams, and private-school entrance exams. We can help you learn important study skills that ensure success. We invite you to call A+ Test Prep and Tutoring at 215-886-9188, or email us. Consult with one of our Client Service Directors. Nathan Rudolph, Anne Stanley, and Susan Ware are available to answer questions, provide solutions, and assist you in achieving your educational goals. *Photo credit: Gosheshe

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1533 Words

The Boy Who Cried Terrorist â€Å"I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!† (Miller 45). In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, residents of Salem habitually ‘cry witch’, driven by fear, paranoia, and vengeance. Under a strict theocracy, where the court’s ruling and religious beliefs are exclusively bound to one another, death is practically inevitable for those branded as witches, their names perpetually tarnished. From atop his high horse, one may look upon The Crucible and harshly judge the irrational actions of Salem’s community; however, human emotion drove these injudicious acts, the very raw emotion that often overpowers logic in today’s society. Though theocracy has dissolved in America, one can never rid the world of blind emotions or the mishaps that may follow them. Currently, fear, paranoia, and vengeance drive racial profiling in society, inciting scores of people to ‘cry terroristâ€℠¢. Unjustified displays of racism, witnessed in the persecution of Muslims as result of the 9/11 and the Paris attacks, verify that society today is a reflection of The Crucible’s in unfortunate ways. One of the factors contributing to Salem’s downfall is fear; worried friends are witches and fearful of being falsely accused, neighbors turn on each other. In Act Two, men are seen storming Proctor’s house, accusing his wife of witchcraft. Abigail Williams has charged Elizabeth Proctor for using her spirit to stab her with a needle,Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. 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But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. 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The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Embarrassment Of The Family Name - 902 Words

embarrassment to the family name. Akhmatova seems to have a struggle though. She complains that her and her husband, Nikolay, cannot have a normal life due to their careers, and she longs for a normal family life. This is something that is commonly seen today, where working mothers must struggle between making money and having a career and devoting time to their families. Nikolay blames Akhmatova’s career on their abnormal family life, and she complains that he does not give her enough affection. He openly admits that he cheats on her and claims that his affairs are part of her muse. Later, it is also revealed that she has written a poem praising Stalin in order to save her career. She has conflict in both her personal life and her art. She appears to be somewhat unreliable and unsure of what she wants. She cannot decide if she wants a family or a writing career, and she gives up her independence as a writer to please Stalin. Stalin eve apparently refers to her as his â€Å"w horish nun,† clearly showing no respect for her as a person or an artist. Akhmatova is placed in many unfair circumstances, but it is hard to admire her when she changes positions and complains about choices she has made. Ludo is Alexei’s current wife in the 1930’s play, and she appears to be a superficial character who submits to her husband in most situations. She praises her husbands works greatly, and mainly cares about his works to ensure that they will maintain their wealth. Ludo claims to have noShow MoreRelatedShame, By Dick Gregory847 Words   |  4 Pageszoom lens on a camera. When we are feeling shame, the camera is zoomed in tight and all we see is our flawed selves, alone and struggling. (Goodread)† The author of Shame, Dick Gregory, experienced some aspects of shame through family, school, and society. Dick Gregory’s family experienced financial struggle, especially with no father figure in his life. 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He s an extraordinary-looking man, and yet I really can name nothing out of the way. No, sir...I can t describe him (Stevenson 34). In the novel of The Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson mentioned several different characters that are well respected from others. For example, Mr. Utterson isRead MoreA Person s Social Status Essay888 Words   |  4 Pageszoom lens on a camera. When we are feeling shame, the camera is zoomed in tight and all we see is our flawed selves, alone and struggling. (Goodread)† The author of Shame, Dick Gregory, experienced some aspects of shame through family, school, and society. Dick Gregory’s family experienced financial struggle, especially with no father figure in his life. The only income he received was from shining shoes and selling papers. He lacked attention at home because of the competition from six siblings. WhenRead MoreThe Old Man Isnt There Any More by Kellie Schmitt664 Words   |  3 PagesEveryone has had an embarrassing moment in their life at one point or another; slipping on ice in public or forgetting a coworkers name at the company picnic. Making a fool of yourself is bound to happen, especially in a setting outside of what you are accustomed to. Some people do not like reliving these moments while others have a gift for turning their embarrassment into a great story. Kellie Schmitt’s essay â€Å"The Old Man Isn’t There Anymore† is a perfect example of laughing at oneself. ThroughoutRead Moreâ€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†700 Words   |  3 Pagestouching realist drama, is the home of the Youngers, an ove rcrowded run-down apartment. Hansberry used this private scenery to enhance the many feelings the Youngers, and other African-Americans, fought to conquer and to embrace in the name of happiness. As with families of any ethnic group, the Youngers ultimate goal was to be happy. Unfortunately, being African-American meant there were certain disadvantages they must face due to prejudices. Hansberry used the aging cracks of the apartment wallsRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie977 Words   |  4 Pagessame dang books our parents studied from. That is absolutely the saddest thing in the world† (31). At this point in the fiction, Junior is at a loss. He feels as though his â€Å"hopes and dreams floated up into a mushroom cloud† (31). Albeit Junior’s family was extremely disappointed in him, Mr. P arrived at his house a week later. Junior didn’t know it yet, but Mr. P had advice that could change the Spokane Indian’s life forever. Mr. P, trying to redeem himself of past guilt, claimed, â€Å"You can’t giveRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1077 Words   |  5 PagesSamsa, but also to his fami ly, and interpret Kafka’s social criticism in this novel. The narrator’s voice is omniscient - all knowing third person. Omniscient narrator uses adjectives that let us know about the main character’s feelings. Gregor s feelings are shame, embarrassment, guilt, concern, and amusement. Shame and embarrassment shows when he can t support his family. He feels guilty for his appearance. Concern occurs when he always thinks about his family. And amusement when heRead MoreThe Destruction Of A Culture1277 Words   |  6 Pagesregion of the world. However, any culture with the value of the traditions and beliefs can be greatly weakened when introduced to a new and overpowering culture. It happens quite frequently to families that move to a new city or country with different lifestyles. As a result, the children of these families grow up to not care as much about their original culture s traditions as the older generations do. As we know, Native Americans, who are indigenous peoples of the United States, account for less Read MoreEveryday Use Story by Alice Walker Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagescontinues the tone moves from worrisome to mystery and embarrassment. The mystery was shown by the want to know why the change in Dee and who this man was with her. The embarrassment, in my opinion was a underlining tone, because it was solely shown through actions like Maggie’s want to dash away when she noticed her sister arriving in the vehicle, and the ashamed statement Dee wrote once before her arrival. This statement was that â€Å"no matter where we family â€Å"choose† to live, she will manage to come see us

Legality of same sex marriages Essay Example For Students

Legality of same sex marriages Essay The proposed legalization of same sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most provocative issues. It could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social, structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate may be obvious. Marriage is much more than a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage instantly provides a automatic legal succession of a deceased spouses property, as well as pension and law, as well as promise in the eyes of the Lord, and their as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution. there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined homosexual relationship? Marriage laws have changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in the statue and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the fault of one partner, may be grounds in some states for a divorce. Societal changes have been felt in marriages over the past twenty-five years as divorce rates have increased. Proposals to legalize same-sex marriages or to enact broad domestic partnership laws are currently being promoted by gay and lesbian activists, especially in Europe and North America. The trend in western European nations during the past decade has been to some same-sex couples. For example, with in the past six years, three Scandinavian countries have enacted domestic partnership laws allowing same-sex couples in which at least one partner is a citizen of the specified country. Therefore allowing that In the Netherlands, the Parliament is considered domestic partnership status for same-sex couples, all the major political parties favor recognizing same-sex relations, and more than a dozen towns have already done so. Finland provides governmental social benefits to same-sex partners. Belgium allows gay prisoners the right to have a conjugal visits from same-sex partners. An overwhelming majority of European nations have granted partial legal In the United States, efforts to legalize same-sex domestic partnership have had some, limited success. The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc. reported that by mid- 1995, thirty-six municipalities, eight countries, three states, five state agencies, and two federal agencies extended some benefits to, or registered for official purposes, same-sex partnerships. In 1994, the California legislature passed a domestic partnership bill that provided official state registration of same-sex couples and provided limited marital rights and privileges relating to hospital visitation, willis and estates, and powers of attorney. While Californias Governor Wilson eventually vetoed the bill, its passage by the legislature represented a notable political achievement for advocates of the same-sex marriage have won a major judicial victory that could lead to the judicial legalization of the same-sex marriage or to legislation authorizing same-sex domestic partnership in that state. In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court, in Baehr vs. Lewin, vacated a state circuit court judgment dismissing same-sex discrimination under the state constitutions Equal Protection Clause and Equal Rights Amendment. The above case began in 1991 when three same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses by the Hawaii Department of Health brought suit in state court against the director of the department. Hawaii law required couples wishing to marry to obtain a marriage license. While the marriage license law did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage at the time, it used terms of gender that the Hawaii marriage license law is unconstitutional, as it prohibits same-sex marriage and allows state officials to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in account of the heterosexuality requirement. Baehr and her attorney sought their objectives entirely through state law, not only by filing in state rather than .

Samsung Ansoff Matrix and Generic Strategies free essay sample

Over the past few years the company has shown tremendous ontogeny. Indeed it is Europes largest low cost carrier and fastest growing airlines. Currently it’s operating more than 1,500 flights every day from over 50 bases and around 1400 low fare routes across 28 countries which connect 165 destinations. Now I am going to discuss Ryan air’s (RA) current strategic position by analysing its macro (external)and micro (internal) environment. Macro Environment Macro environment consist of those major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organizations decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. Now, i am going to analyse company’s position by using PESTLE and porter’s 5 Forces. Pestle Analysis: This is mainly used to analyse the wider macro environment in which the business operates. The organisation normally have no control over PESTLE factors and at best should try to accommodate and device strategies around these factors or issues. Political factors: The political environment in EU has been stable, enabling Ryan air to expand its routes and activities successfully. We will write a custom essay sample on Samsung Ansoff Matrix and Generic Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The increase in Air Passenger Duty in UK in 2009, 2010 and 2012 (? 11, 12, 13 ) and the EU Airport Charges applicable from March 2011 have affected the operating costs of Ryan air consequently. The repeated European government owned Air Traffic Control strikes have also caused a huge loss for airline industry as these strikes forced RA to cancel huge number of flights. Ryanair also had to pay compensation to passengers based on EU 261 reforms. Economic factors The interest rates in England is 0. 5% which has a positive affect and will encourage RA to borrow money on low interest rates to expand their business activities. (buying air crafts etc. ) The high unemployment rate in EU and UK has resulted in less people travelling even by low-fare airiness. This has a negative impact on RA as the ratio of domestic flights in Uk has been decreased due to less disposable income. The economic instability in Greece, France, Hungary and Italy has resulted in low demand for air travelling, thats why many airlines are cutting their routes including RA. The social environment It can be explained by different demographic trends. Majority of the people living in UK and EU countries are individualistic and they prefer to travel during their vacations. A substantial increase in leisure travelling, student migration programs within the EU nations has resulted in an increased demand for low-fare airlines especially Ryan air. The free trade concept specially in European union, has made possible for Rain Air to earn some revenue from the business community. Technological factor Internet is the most powerful tool available to travel marketers. RA and its competitors have their internet-based reservation system which helps to increase the number of passengers. RA uses the modern aircrafts with new generation engines, which result in less emissions and less fuel consumption; and allows the company to move on through its cost reduction strategy. Ryanair has introduced online check-in and self services in airports for the passengers which has received a mixed response from the passengers especially people travelling with families. Legal factors The emission constraint set by the European commission and its activeness of monitoring antitrust law and policies, sooner or later will affect the RA strategies; as EU legislation on working time regulation and union recognition, could seriously threaten RA policies and revenues. Due to BAA airport monopoly, Uk Court of Appeal asked BAA to sell Stansted and Glasgow airport (October 2010) to increase competition; which has helped RA in increasing their market share by increasing the traffic at those airports which had declined due to BAAs high cost and mismanagement. Environmental Factors As for the environmental aspect, Ryan air is currently the industry leader in terms of environmental efficiency. As per requirement of Environmental Protection Laws Ryan air operates a single-aircraft-type fleet of Boeing 737-800 â€Å"next generation† with an average age of only 3. 4 years which are aimed at minimizing drag, thereby reducing the rate of fuel burnt and noise levels. The unit emission per passenger has also reduced due to the inherent capacity increase in the Boeing 737-800 aircraft. The new cap-and-trade scheme of EU for CO2 emission control can effect RA cost management based on the allowances to be needed in 2012. Now we are going to analyse industrial environment of RA using porter’s five forces. Porter’s 5 Forces The 5 forces are the environmental forces that impact on the companies ability to compete in the given market. The purpose of 5 forces analysis is to diagnose the principal competitive pressures in a market and assess how strong and important each one is. Threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants is low. The short haul market is highly competitive as it needs high capital investment, special licenses and flight authorisation. Then the restriction or lack of slot availability makes it even more difficult for new entrants, to assess many airports. Any new entrant should have a differentiation strategy to enter and stay competitive in the market. The low threat of new entrants has provided RA an opportunity to grow and focus on the existing customers. Ryan Air has consolidated its position in the market with a brand differentiation as low-cost airline. The power of buyers: At present, the bargaining power of buyer for RA is medium/high due to the alternative options available and switching to another airline is relatively simple and doesnt imply further cost. Internet has made it easier for the customers to have an access to the latest low fare offers, provided by different airlines and do the comparison among their prices and services as well. Though Ryan Air has 7% growth in volume of passenger in third quarter of 2011 but they are not getting good customer service feedback and customers are not loyal to RA. So, RA should consider its other extra-cost factors like customer service, punctuality etc. to attract the new and retain its existing customers. The power of suppliers: The bargaining power of supplier is high. The suppliers for Ryan Air include aircraft suppliers, airports, fuel suppliers, catering etc. Boeing and Airbus are the only two aircraft suppliers. Ryan Air uses only single type of aircraft Boeing 737-800 and so faces high switching cost related to maintainability. Ryan Air uses regional airports which have low bargaining power as they are heavily dependant on one airline. Bigger airports where RAs competitors operate, have greater bargaining power. RAs policy is to avoid these airports. Price of aviation fuel is directly related to the cost of oil; RA controls this successfully through hedging. So rising fuel prices could not be a threat to RA in future. Threat of Substitutes: Threat of substitutes is very high as there are number of substitutes available to the customers. Induction of high speed trains and cars with low fuel consumption are the biggest competitors of Ryan air; as they have attracted the young generation in EU nations towards land transport which is easier to access and use. In Ryan Air’s case: Depending upon the price/performance ratio, passengers of airline can easily opt for the land travel substitutes like trains, cars or ferries. For e. g. the high speed trains in UK like Euro star are the main competitors as these trains give almost same services in similar budget as that of RA Moreover the stations are nearer the city centre than the regional airports (RA). Hence, there is no brand loyalty for RA. Competitive Rivalry: The low cost airline industry in UK is highly competitive and most of the advantages can be copied easily. There is no much differentiation on services among LCC; thus the main differentiating factor for RA is price. One of the main competitors of RA is Easyjet which like RA offers no-frills, short haul travel in low cost. So far, the direct competition has been avoided by mainly operating from/to different destinations; the moment the competition should become direct, there will be heavy pressure on prices, revenues and profitability consequently. Other competitors are Aer Lingus, Analysis of the internal environment An analysis on Ryan air internal environment needs to be done to assess the extent to which companys strategies are suitable to what is happening in its task environment. Micro environment This environment influences the organization directly. Firm has full control over these factors. For the analysing the micro environment of the RA, I will use SW analysis. SWOT This is an overall evaluation of the companies strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal and can be controlled by the organisation while opportunities and threats are external. The objective of SWOT is to identify and convert the threats into opportunities and weaknesses into strengths. Strengths: Ryan air provides no-frills, point-to-point services on short haul routes which allow offering its low fares by cutting down the unnecessary frills like meals, video etc. The source-to-destination service cuts down extra service charges on connecting passengers and baggage transfer resulting in reduction of baggage losses. RA has earned a good repute due to its punctuality and in 2010 the rate of on-time departure was 88%. RAs aircraft maintenance cost is controlled by using single type of aircraft Boeing737-800 with average age of 3. 4 years. However its 374. 6 millions profit (2011), 8056 staff and a fleet of 275 air crafts displays its spectacular strength. Weaknesses: Ryan air has poor public image and had been involved in different controversies regarding customers dissatisfaction through misleading adverts. In different customer satisfaction surveys, Ryan air has been voted among the bottom players. The reasons for this also include unfriendly staff, uncomfortable seats, hidden costs, insufficient safety measures etc. Recently Ryan air has been accused for charging passengers for boarding pass. It has also been criticized for extra luggage allowance and higher credit card fee per passenger. After analysing its strength and weaknesses we can say that government policies in EU, different EU regulations like compensation for travellers for delay or cancellation of flights, CO2 emission regulations etc. ; recent economic crisis in some EU countries is worth mentioning, all these are a constant threat and can have adverse effects on the operating cost of RA. Else security threats needs to be addressed constantly and demand more and more effective steps to be taken, to maintain Ryan air s passengers volume. Moreover, to compete with substitutes like fast speed cars, ferries, trains and coach services throughout UK and Europe is a big challenge for RA as those services are also easy to access and economical for the customers. Fluctuation in currency rates is another issue which can directly affect the revenue earned by RA as it recorded foreign exchange losses of 1. 0 million in the 2010; due to the strengthening of the U. K. pound sterling and U. S. ollar exchange rates against the Euro. It provides four different growth strategies: Market Penetration, Market Development, Product Development, Diversification. Corporate Level Strategy (Ansoffs Matrix) Existing New Products Products Existing Markets Market Penetration The firms growth with existing products in the current market segment. For e. g sales, promotions, seasonal offers, royalty cards etc. Product Development The firms growth by targeting its existing market segment with new product. For e. g. apple introducing new ipad s. New Markets Market Development The firm targets new market with its existing products. For e. g. Tesco going to USA with the same products to capture that market. Diversification The firms growth into new businesses by developing new products for new markets. For e. g. Virgin introducing low fare flights by the name Virgin Australia. After analysing Ryanairs growth in the industry we suggest that Ryanair should use these two strategies: †¢Product Development †¢Diversification 1- Product Development keeping in mind the technological advancement in the airline industry RA should enhance its product development strategy by introducing Satellite phone in its air crafts. This will help in attracting business travellers; once find it beneficial, they will start travelling frequently by RA. . This satellite phone which also includes video conferencing will help the business community to have a continual communication or remain in contact with their businesses. RA can spread the cost by charging the facility from its customers. Strategic Evaluation and selection Product development Suitability Offering of satellite communication will increase market share and will especially help in attracting more business travellers. Acceptability Risk: medium- it may be expensive because of maintenance expense of satellite communication. Return : medium as it might take some time for business community to chose RA, solely for satellite phone. Reaction : mixed kind of reaction can be predictable. Feasibility Money: They have sufficient financial resources to support their product development. Other wise they can raise funds by issuing shares, as well as low interest rate can also help in raising finance. People time: RA can also outsource their new products saving enough time and minimising their operational costs. 2- Differentiation RA can internationalise by using Diversification strategy. It can be done by introducing long- haul flights into a new market. It means new product targeting new market such as India. Long haul flights that can accommodate travellers easily and are facilitated with all the required immigration facilities. RA has chosen Asian market and especially India because Indian airline is the fastest growing passenger market in major economies up to 18% in 2011. The life style of people in India is changing and buying power of the Indian market is increasing . Indians economy is stable and growing. Else India has got so many attractions for the tourists. While entering India, RA should acquire Air Asia to grow and plan for the long term. RA need to launch aggressive market campaign to reach out to new customers and to grow in the new market. Diversification seems to be the best suitable practise in this environment as airline industry has started to decline. Going to long haul in suitable and aligns with its strategy. RA can use its Boeing 737-800 aircrafts which new generation engines, which result in less emissions and less fuel consumption. Acceptability Risk: High as market (Asian) and product (long haul) ; both are new for RA. But this can be minimised by making an alliance with Air Asia which is experienced and dealing with both. Level of Though uncertainity exists but high risk – high return. Return : high. Adopting the new strategy is always a challenge. But it is expected that RAs diversification strategy will result in increased passengers volume and high profit margins; due to acquisition with AirAsia. Reaction : Positive. Customers are expected to be happy as RA will maintain its low fare strategy. It will create new job opportunities in UK and India.

The Varied Size of the Roman Legions

The Varied Size of the Roman Legions Even in the course of a military campaign, the size of a Roman legion varied because, unlike the case of the Persian Immortals, there wasnt always someone waiting in the wings to take over when a legionary (​miles legionarius) was slain, taken prisoner or incapacitated in battle. Roman legions varied over time not only in size but in number. In an article estimating population size in ancient Rome, Lorne H. Ward says that up to at least the time of the Second Punic War, a maximum of around 10% of the population would be mobilized in the case of a national emergency, which he says would be about 10,000 men or about two legions. Ward comments that in the early, close-to-annual border skirmishes, only the number of men in half a conventional legion might be deployed. Early Composition of the Roman Legions The earliest Roman army consisted of a general levy which was raised from the aristocratic landowners .... based on the three tribes, each of which provided 1000 infantry.... Each of the three corps of 1000 comprised ten groups or centuries, corresponding to the ten curiae of each tribe.- Cary and Scullard The Roman armies (exercitus) were composed mainly of Roman legions from the time of the legendary reforms of King Servius Tullius [also see Mommsen], according to ancient historians Cary and Scullard. The name for the legions comes from the word for the levy (legio from a Latin verb for to choose [legere]) that was made on the basis of wealth, in the new tribes Tullius is also supposed to have created. Each legion was to have 60 centuries of infantry. A century is literally 100 (elsewhere, you see a century in the context of 100 years), so the legion would have originally had 6000 infantrymen. There were also auxiliaries, cavalry, and non-combatant hangers-on. In the time of the kings, there may have been 6 centuries of cavalry (equites) or Tullius may have increased the number of equestrian centuries from 6 to 18, which were divided into 60 units called turmae* (turma in the singular).Increasing Number of LegionsWhen the Roman Republic started, with two consuls as leaders, each cons ul had command over two legions. These were numbered I-IV. The number of men, organization and selection methods changed over time. The tenth (X) was Julius Caesars famous legion. It was also named Legio X Equestris. Later, when it was combined with soldiers from other legions, it became Legio X Gemina. By the time of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, there were already 28 legions, most of which were commanded by a senatorial legate. During the Imperial period, there was a core of 30 legions, according to military historian Adrian Goldsworthy. Republican Period Roman ancient historians Livy and Sallust mention that the Senate set the size of the Roman legion each year during the Republic, based on the situation and available men. According to 21st-century Roman military historian and former National Guard officer Jonathan Roth, two ancient historians of Rome, Polybius (a Hellenistic Greek) and Livy (from the Augustan era), describe two sizes for Roman legions of the Republican period. One size is for the standard Republican legion and the other, a special one for emergencies. The size of the standard legion was 4000 infantry and 200 cavalry. The size of the emergency legion was 5000 and 300. The historians admit of exceptions with legion size going as low as 3000 and as high as 6000, with cavalry ranging from 200-400. The tribunes in Rome, after administering the oath, fix for each legion a day and place at which the men are to present themselves without arms and then dismiss them. When they come to the rendezvous, they choose the youngest and poorest to form the velites; the next to them are made hastati; those in the prime of life principes; and the oldest of all triarii, these being the names among the Romans of the four classes in each legion distinct in age and equipment. They divide them so that the senior men known as triarii number six hundred, the principes twelve hundred, the hastati twelve hundred, the rest, consisting of the youngest, being velites. If the legion consists of more than four thousand men, they divide accordingly, except as regards the triarii, the number of whom is always the same.- Polybius VI.21 Imperial Period In the imperial legion, beginning with Augustus, the organization is thought to have been: 10 squads (contubernia - a tent group of generally 8 men) a century, each commanded by a centurion 80 men [note that the size of a century had diverged from its original, literal meaning of 100]6 centuries a cohort 480 men10 cohorts a legion 4800 men. Roth says the Historia Augusta, an unreliable historical source from the late 4th century A.D., may be right in its figure of 5000 for imperial legion size, which works if you add the 200 cavalry figure to the product above of 4800 men. There is some evidence that in the first century the size of the first cohort was doubled: The question of the size of the legion is complicated by the indications that, at some point subsequent to the Augustan reform, the organization of the legion was altered by the introduction of a doubled first cohort.... The principal evidence for this reform comes from Pseudo-Hyginus and Vegetius, but in addition there are inscriptions listing discharged soldiers by cohort, which indicate that about twice as many men were discharged from the first cohort than from the others. The archaeological evidence is ambiguous... at most legionary camps the pattern of barracks suggests that the first cohort was of the same size as the other nine cohorts.- Roth * M. Alexander Speidel (Roman Army Pay Scales, by M. Alexander Speidel; The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 82, (1992), pp. 87-106.) says the term turma was only used for the auxiliaries: Clua was a member of a squadron (turma) - a subdivision known only in the auxilia- led by a certain Albius Pudens. Although Clua named his unit simply by the colloquial expression equites Raetorum, we can be certain a cohors Raetorum equitata was meant, perhaps cohors VII Raetorum equitata, which is attested at Vindonissa during the mid-first century. The Imperial Army Beyond the Legions Complicating questions of the size of the Roman legion were the inclusion of men other than the fighters in the numbers given for the centuries. There were large numbers of slaves and civilian non-combatants (lixae), some armed, others not. Another complication is the likelihood of a double-sized first cohort beginning during the Principate. In addition to the legionaries, there were also auxiliaries who were mainly non-citizens, and a navy. Sources Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republics Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C., by Lorne H. Ward;  The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 111, No. 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 5-39A History of Rome, by M. Cary and H.H. Scullard; New York, 1975.The Size and Organization  of the Roman Imperial Legion, by Jonathan Roth;  Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte,  Vol. 43, No. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1994), pp. 346-362How Rome Fell, by Adrian Goldsworthy; Yale University Press, 2009.

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International trade - Essay Example In essence, China’s strategy of protecting the domestic agricultural sector can be seen as an attempt to restrict the importation of agricultural goods from other countries. Different economic models used to analyze the Chinese agricultural sector such as GTAP do not contain any reliable information on the effects of high tariff rates on the Chinese economy. However, several studies have shown that the WTO accession would have positive effects on the Chinese economy. Many economists have asserted that the removal of tariffs and subsidies will have an impact in the production and trade of agricultural goods in the country. Further, several studies on the Chinese agricultural sector show that the country’s agricultural policies have made agricultural producers spend more time in the production of more valuable crops such as wheat, corn and oil seeds as opposed to crops such as fruits and vegetables. It is evident that these policies are aimed at making China self sufficie nt in the production of wheat, corn and oil seeds. However, several economists have suggested that these policies are extremely expensive to the economy since the prices of most Chinese agricultural products are above the prices in the international market. The policies put in place by the government hinder resources from benefiting some of the most influential sectors of the economy such as agriculture. International Trade Background Information The common accord, instituted in 1978, that was aimed at opening up the Chinese economy was a significant factor in invigorating the country’s economic growth. Faster economic success is normally followed by a relative decrease in the agricultural sector. However, in China, this was initially affected by the implementation of the agricultural domestic accountability system. This system contributed to the substitution of collective agricultural holdings with individually administrated holdings. Later, there was the introduction of les s taxation in the agricultural sector, an initiative that was followed by most developed countries in their early years of development (Snape 1991, p. 67). Developments in the agricultural sector grew faster in a similar manner as the other sector of the economy such as industries from 1979 to 1984. However, the benefits of moving to the household responsibility system and the increment of relative prices for farm products were realized later, in the mid 1980s. After the 1980s, agriculture did not experience any significant growth like the service and industrial sectors. The industrial sector experienced faster growth on the eastern seaboard. In addition, trade in the rural townships boomed, which led to rising employment rates. In as much as there was the decline in agriculture’s contribution in the country’s GDP, and employment in the 1980s, there was a subsequent increase in the contribution to GDP in 1990s (World Bank 2005, p. 34). Introduction China is currently a signatory to WTO according to Pigott (2002). This enables the country to take an active part in new rounds of bilateral trade discussions. The country can, for example, demand improved market penetration for its agricultural exports and other products in the global market. If WTO membership improves China’s chances of increasing its access to agricultural products more than other markets in the global market in the future, that would be a significant benefit for China’

Women in the work place (is there still glass ceiling Essay

Women in the work place (is there still glass ceiling - Essay Example Seek sponsors and mentors: Mentors should always be able to couch or train you in areas of difficulty or less knowledge by just following their footsteps. They do not necessarily have to be people in high management levels. Those in the top may not have time for you. Sponsors are top or senior level persons or leaders who can make decisions in an organization. They must be willing to advocate for you. Be a risk taker: Adjust your attitude towards failure and never get scared. Keep venturing into several opportunities to improve your knowledge and experience. Have confidence and take time for personal networking for back up incase of a stumble. Develop emotional intelligence: You must bear self-awareness and learn to listen before you react. â€Å"Seek first to understand and then to be understood – Stephen Covey†. Ethics and your code of conduct mean a lot to the people that surround you. People always want to work with someone who has integrity, caring and

John Donne Essay Example for Free

John Donne Essay John Donne’s Valediction Forbidding Mourning is a poem stressing the aspect of love through the use of various metaphors and allusions. Donne’s main influences being utilized in the poem are created from the 17th century metaphysical poetry. The poem in essence is a farewell speech, as is written in the beginning lines. These lines suggest a quiet departure and the syntax of the poem and the meter follow through with traditional rhythm. The speaker does not want a teary goodbye as is read with ‘no tear-floods’. Donne’s alliteration throughout lines 5-8 also give the reader a sense of movement and accenting of the farewell with the phrase, â€Å"twere profanation †¦to tell the laity† in which the ‘t’ sound becomes prevalent and its poignancy points toward an emphasis on the farewell motif of the poem and how the lovers cope with this departure. The purpose of the speaker is to comfort the reader, or the lover in a time of parting. The speaker then requests of the lover that the two part ways calmly and quietly and thus eliminate tears and protests of the departing. The speaker further insists that to part ways in such a platonic fashion alludes to their love being holy. This love however develops beyond the boundaries of the spiritual and is also referenced as being a physical and sexual love. Thus, the poem’s focus is a transformation of the different loves shared by the speaker and the lover and the celebration the two have in these loves which are refined as line 17 points out. The secret that the metaphysical writing gives the reader is that the lovers are so in tune with each other that they are assured, according to the speaker, a happy reunion. It is the sharing of the goodbye that is endearing in the poem, and the way in which Donne analyzes this farewell is also intriguing. Donne’s metaphysics speaks towards the couple’s soul, and it’s joining after being split. This then is a merriment of earthly love or ‘religion of love’. The love being elevated in the poem, is enhanced by the device of metaphor as Donne writes that the love spoken about in the poem is a sacred love. The narrator describes this love as being breed from confidence in love, which gives the two a strength during the parting. Thus, the two are able to endure a brief span of time in which their love will connect them (Nutt 2005). This endurance is made possible by the speaker by emphasizing that the two share a single soul and thus any illusion of division by space, time or distance is inconsequential. This is the extended metaphor of Donne’s poem. The metaphysical conceit in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is the comparison of the two unlikely objects of the lovers’ relationship and their two souls being the feet of a drawing compass as seen in the final stanzas. The allusion to feet of a compass, is a metaphor of direction in which love points toward the right direction and the love of the two lovers is merely a circle that has no end, thus, a farewell is of no consequence since it ends and begins in the same instant. Therefore, although the two lovers will be geographically apart from each other, the speaker believes that this will only strengthen their love since the lovers will remain faithful to each other during this separation, thus bringing trust into the equation of Donne’s metaphysics. Another key metaphor used by Donne is that of gold being beaten thin so that it expands and this comparison is made between the love expanding between the two lovers and not breaking (Beliles 1999). Thus, Donne’s use of metaphor through metaphysical aspirations is the main creative elements in his poem. Work Cited Beliles, D. B. Theoretically-Informed Criticism of Donne’s Love Poetry: Towards A Pluralist Hermeneutics of Faith. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. , 1999. Donne, J. Poems of John Donne. vol I. E. K. Chambers, ed. London, Lawrence Bullen, 1896. 51-52. Nutt, J. John Donne: The Poems (Analyzing Text). Palgrave Macmillan. New York, 2005.

Teaching and Learning Activity Assessment :: Education, Evaluation

Introduction One of key element in teaching and learning activity is assessment. There are several types of assessment. However, in the context of Aceh, most of teachers still use traditional forms of assessment, specifically summative assessment. There is critique on traditional assessment, â€Å"The critique has been based on the assumption that these forms of assessment do not support high quality of leaning associated with ‘deep’ learning, critical thinking, sustainable knowledge and lifelong learning† (Havnes & McDowell 2008). Therefore, diagnostic assessment is one form of assessment that can be used by the teachers to support high quality of learning. Diagnostic assessment aims to determine students’ prior knowledge. In order to plan the effective teaching, it is important for teacher to determine students’ prior knowledge, because the students have their own conceptions on phenomena in the world before they study in the classroom (Tytler, n.d). This essay is part of assignment in assessing learning unit (EXE733). It aims to review and discuss an example of exemplary assessment task for diagnostic assessment. Before further discussion about example of exemplary diagnostic assessment, it might be important to review the definition, purposes, types of assessment, as well as characteristics of effective assessment. Assessment Assessment derived from the Latin assessare which mean to impose a tax or set a rate (Athanasou, 1997). According to Athanasou, Assessment is â€Å"the process of collecting and combining information from test (e.g., on performance, learning, quality) with view to making a judgement about a person or making a comparison against an established criterion. Further, Satterly defined assessment as â€Å"an omnibus term which includes all the processes and products which describe the nature and extent of children’s learning, its degree of correspondence with the aims and objectives of teaching and its relationship with the environments which are designed to facilitate learning† (1989 p.3, cited in Carrol, 2005). Moreover, Rowntree (1977) said â€Å"assessment in education can be thought as occurring whenever one person, in some kind of interaction, direct or indirect with another, is conscious of obtaining and interpreting information about the knowledge and understanding o f abilities and attitudes of that other person† (p. 4, cited in Carrol, 2005). The purposes of assessment can be divided into three levels, namely: classroom level (students and teachers), school level, and system level. Firstly, at classroom level, assessment aims to provide the students with appropriate learning based on their needs, provide the students feedback that they can use to identify their next steps of learning, to develop good partnership with parents, help the teachers to plan next teaching, and guarantee continuity of education for the students (Te Kete Ipurangi, 2007).

History of 5 Bowen Road Essay

Look at any old photo of pre-1950 Hong Kong and the hillsides above the city were dotted with handsome verandah type homes like this one. From the Mid-levels up to The Peak, every successful European merchant, official, compradore or trader scrambled to put up a mansion befitting their perceived status in colonial society. This home was built in 1914 by the property company, Hongkong Land Investment and Agency Company Ltd. Its Devonian name ’Iddesleigh’ (pronounced ‘Idslee’) derived from the origins of its occupant, A Mr.  Mowbray Stafford Northcote secretary of the Hongkong Land Investment and Agency Company, who was an honorary correspondent to the magazine ‘Devonia’ and was related to the Earl of Iddesleigh. In common with many structures which were built on Hong Kong’s precipitous hillsides, the house stands on a handsome, terraced granite base. When built, the house would have had sweeping views across the harbour and its verandahs would have been open to the elements. Three-storey building built in neo-classical style, Corinthian columns, bow arch, decorated with carved eaves and rich ornate interior decoration, showing the lofty building owner socioeconomic status. The top of the building facade reflects its ornate pediment architectural style influenced by the Baroque. During the Japanese Occupation (1942-1945), this building was requisitioned as the home for the Japanese Imperial Naval commander. After liberation at the end of the Second World War, the house was occupied by the Royal Navy and it would later become the official residence of the senior RN officer in Hong Kong, the Commodore-in-Charge and has been better known as the â€Å"Commodore’s House† since 1952. In 1979, the building was handed over to the Hong Kong Government. In 1990, the building was allocated for charity Mother’s Choice Baby Nursing and residential special child care centers.

Budgeting and Alternative Budgeting Techniques - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3035 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1. BUDGETING 1.1Introduction It is critical that business develop plans for the future. It is unlikely that a business will achieve whatever they set out to do unless its managers are clear on what the future direction of the business in going to be. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Budgeting and Alternative Budgeting Techniques" essay for you Create order According to Atrill McLaney (2012), the development of plans involves, establishing the missions and objectives, undertaking a position analysis, identifying and assessing the strategic options, selecting strategic options and formulating long term strategic plans. The strategic plans are then broken down into short term plans for each business unit. These plans are known as budgets. Weetman (2010, p.317) defines budgets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"as a detailed plan which sets out, in money terms, the plans for income and expenditure in respect of a future period of time. It is prepared in advance of that time period and is based on the agreed objectives for that period of time, together with the strategy planned to achieve those objectives.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Drury (2013), reckons that the multiple functions of budgets include; planning annual operations, coordinating the various functions of the organizations, communicating plans to the various responsibility centres, motivating mangers to ach ieve organizational goals, controlling activities and evaluating the performance of managers. 1.2Traditional Budgeting This form of budgeting is also known as incremental budgeting. As discussed by Atrill McLaney (2012), budget setting is undertaken on the basis of what happened in the previous year with adjustments for factors expected to affect the subsequent period budget such as inflation. For instance If the salaries of doctors in a hospital was GBP 2M, when the budget for next years budget is being prepared and the hospital administrator thinks that we will need three new doctors who will be paid GBP 60,000 each and he will have to give all doctors a payrise of 5%, on the assumption that even the new doctors will get a payrise then budget for doctors salaries in the coming year will be GBP 2.18M = [2 + {60,000*3}]*1.05. This form of budgeting is deemed to have the following advantages; it is easy to prepare and can therefore be allocated to junior members of staff, it is easily understandable, owing to shorter preparation times, It has lower preparation costs, it reduces conflict amongst functions since the same approach is used organization wide, and finally impacts of any changes can easily be traced to its origin, in our example the increase in doctors salary costs can quickly be attributed to the annual increase. There has however emerged criticism to this method of budgeting. As noted by Drury (2013), the major disadvantage of this method is that the majority of expenditure associates with the current level of activity remains unchanged, which makes the costs of support activities to become fixed, and past inefficiencies and waste inherent with the status quo is perpetuated. It also gives insufficient focus on improving efficiency and effectiveness; resource allocation tends to be based on existing strategies with no thought of future strategies; it has excessive focus on short-term financial targets which often leads to arbitrary resource allocations. In considering our scenario of a company (Say Company A), operating in a stable market place with little ch anges in products or demand, and a company (Say company B), operating in a very dynamic rapidly changing environment, it may be partially appropriate though not optimal for company A to adopt traditional budgeting than would be for company B. Budgets based on historical figures suit better companies whose operations are relatively stable on the premise that customer relationships do not necessarily disappear year on year, and that budgets are not made without consideration of external factors such as the current economic situation and anticipated future development. According to Stevens (2007), incremental budgeting will provide accurate budget figures for variable costs since these have a clear link to production or sales, however such an approach will unlikely produce accurate figures for support departments whose costs are largely fixed. Markets have become volatile, and extremely competitive. This has created a shift of emphasis from internal effectiveness, in which traditional budgeting is a useful tool, to external effectiveness or competitive edge (Ekholm Wallin, 2000). It is therefore advisable for both companies to consider alternative budgeting techniques. 2. ALTERNATIVE BUDGETING TECHNIQUES 2.1Zero based budgeting (ZBB) This method is also known as the priority based budgeting, and emerged as an attempt to address the inherent limitations of traditional approach to budgeting. According to Atrill McLaney (2012), it rests on the philosophy that all spending needs to be justified. Budgets start on a zero base and will only be increased above zero if a good cause can be articulated on why the scare resources of the organization should be allocated to an activity. Drury (2013), further states that ZBB involves three stages which are; a description of each organizational activity in a decision package; the evaluation and ranking of decision packages in order of priority; and allocation of resources based on order of priority up to the spending cut-off level. This approach is best suited to discretionary costs such are research and development and training costs, where there is no optimal relationship between input and outputs. Proponents of this method argue that it has the following benefits; it avoid s the deficiencies of budgeting and represents a move towards the allocation of resources by need or benefit. Thus, unlike traditional budgeting the level of previous funding is not taken for granted. ZBB creates a inqusitive attitude rather than a complacent one that assumes that current practice represents value for money hence inefficiencies and wastage are reduced. ZBB rationalizes outputs in relation to value for money; it encourages managers to look at alternative operations plans. However critics of this approach have argued that the processes are too costly and time consuming. The process of identifying decision packages and determining their purpose, cost and benefits is extremely time-consuming (Drury 2013). There are often too many decision packages to evaluate and there is frequently insufficient information to enable them to be ranked. Further managers whose areas of responsibility are subjected to ZBB may feel threatened by it (Atrill McLaney 2012). However benefits o f this approach can be gained by using it on a selective basis, or as advanced by Drury (2013,) by applying it selectively to areas that management is most concerned and used as a one off cost reduction programme. Benefits of ZBB can be captured by using priority-based incremental budgets. Priority incremental budgets require manager to demonstrate the incremental change in their activities if their budgets were to be increased or decreased by a specific percentage. Budget allocations are made by comparing the change in costs with the change in benefits (Drury 2013). 2.2Activity based budgeting (ABB) This approach is an extension of activity based costing. According to Atrill McLaney (2012) under a system of ABB, the budgeted sales of products or services are determined and the activities necessary to achieve the budgeted sales are then identified. Budgets for each of the various activities are prepared by multiplying the budgeted usage of the cost driver for a particular activity (as determined by the sales budget) by the budgeted rate for the relevant cost driver. Budgets under this approach are focused on cost driving activities rather than functions. ). The idea is to create a new budgeting model, which gives the company more flexibility to react to unexpected events, thus emphasizing the importance of operational planning (Hansen, 2011). ABB involves the following steps; estimate the production and sales volume by individual products and customers; estimate the demand for organizational activities; determine the resources that are required to perform organizational activi ties; estimate for each resource the quantity that must be supplied to meet the demand; and finally take action to adjust the capacity of resources to match the projected supply. The aim of ABB is to approve the use of only those resources necessary to undertake activities required to meet the budgeted production and sales volume (Drury, 2013). A definite advantage of this approach is that it overcomes the incremental approach since revenues and costs are linked to activities. It also highlights the external focus such as deriving target costs from customer and market requirements and basing target setting on internal and external benchmarks (Bunce, Fraser Woodcock, 1995). ABB reduces bureaucracy and time associated with budget preparation, meaning the value added by the process increases. Since the ABB budgeting model is usually computer based, it can easily be updated to new circumstances (Hansen, 2011). ABB highlights any imbalances and inefficiencies, by providing information t hat can be used to improve operations since the company can see where the resources are needed; and finally communication of objectives improves since the lower-level managers understand operational terms better than financial. However a major shortcoming of this approach is that if defining cost drivers is not done well, then the result may be vague descriptions of activities which makes it hard to properly analyze the activities and place any kind of values on them (Marcino, 2000). 3. CONCLUSION There has been emergent critics of budgeting with some advocating for the total abolishing of the process and replacing it with Beyond Budgeting. Beyond budgeting central goal is to abolish annual budgeting, replace it with benchmarked metrics and eventually completely decentralize power (Hope Fraser, 2000). It advocates decentralizing the whole organization and giving greater independence to lower level managers, which enables managers to make fast decisions, since they no longer need to base their decisions on budgets alone. Further Drury (2013), suggests rolling forecasts produced on a monthly or quarterly basis as an alternative to annual budgeting. Rolling forecasts should embrace key performance indicators necessary to achieve the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives based on balanced scorecards. However from a survey conducted by Dugdale Lynn (2006), on financial and nonfinancial managers in 40 companies concluded that budgeting was alive and well. These managers thought bud gets were important for planning, control, performance measurement, coordination and communication. Rather than abandoning the budget, it would be better to diagnosis its problems and fix it (Greenberg Greenberg, 2006.) The budget is an inexpensive and ascertained method for guiding action and reducing risk, and therefore likely to remain a ubiquitous feature of management for the foreseeable future. 4. TRANSFER PRICING Procter (2012, p.322) defines transfer pricing as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the monetary value for which goods and services are exchanged between different responsibility centres of the same organization and if the responsibility centres are in different countries then the exchange value in known as the international transfer price.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The purpose of transfer pricing includes; provision of information that motivates divisional managers to undertake good economic decisions; avail information crucial to evaluating economic and managerial performance of divisions; ensuring that divisional autonomy is maintained; allocation of divisional resources and intentionally moving profits across divisions hence minimizing tax obligations. There are various approaches to setting transfer prices for goods and services across divisions. Some of these methods are discussed below; 4.1Market based transfer prices Market prices are those that exist in an open market (Atrill McLaney, 2012). It would be therefore optimum for both decision making and performance evaluation to set transfer prices at this competitive market price. This condition exist in a perfectly competitive market where products and services sold are the same and no individual buyer or seller can influence the prices (Drury 2013). Divisional profits will most likely be the similar to profits that would be calculated assuming that the divisions are separate organizations. This enables divisional profitability to be compared directly with profitability of similar companies in the same business. Where selling costs for internal transfers are identical to those of selling externally, it would then not matter if the supplying division decides to transfer its product internally or sell externally. This is illustrated by Fig. 1.1 1.2 below; Fig. 1.1 Fig 1.2 Figure 1.1 1.2 illustrate an example where the supplying division either sells to a receiving division or to the external markets. If the supplying division supplies 1000 units at 9,000 and the receiving divisions incurs a further 5,000 in incremental costs and can sell the final product at 20,000, then it is evident that in both scenarios the division and overall company contribution remains unchanged. Transferring products at market prices may result in the selling division making savings relating to selling and distribution costs which may be passed on to the buying division in form of lower prices. When transfer prices are undertaken at market prices, divisional performance is most likely to represent the real economic contribution of a division to the overall company profits (Drury 2013). The use of this approach is objective and has real economic credibility, since the market price represents the opportunity cost of the products. A major challenge with this approach is that an external market price may simply not exist, which is co mmon with goods and services tailored to the needs of the buying division which is the only market. Further if the division has spare capacity basing transfer price on the market price may lead to lost sales, hence in the short run a price higher than the variable costs should be accepted. 4.2Full cost transfer pricing If cost is the basis of transfer pricing, then the selling department will earn no profit and the buying department will have a cost that is lower than it would pay for in an external market (Weetman 2010). This approach can hinder the evaluation of divisional performance. There will be difficulties in making resource allocation decisions concerning the level of output, product mix and investment levels within a division since profit cannot be used as a gauge of efficiency. We will consider an illustration; Simba and Chui are divisions of the Big 5 Group. Simba produces an intermediate product that is used by Chui in manufacture of the final product. Chui has developed a matrix of expected sales of the final product as follows; The costs for each division are tabulated below; A computation of the profits for the Big 5 Group as a unit is represented in Fig 2.0 below; Fig. 2.0 The profits for the Simba division are computed and tabulated in Fig 2.1 Fig. 2.1 The profits for the Chui division are computed and tabulated in Fig 2.2 Fig. 2.2 From the illustration; the optimum output level for the Group is 5,000 units. Drury (2013, p.350) defines net marginal revenue as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the marginal incremental revenue from the sale of an extra unit or a specified number of incremental units of the final product less the marginal conversion costs excluding the transfer prices.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Thus the net marginal revenue associated with the receiving division is computed on Fig 2.3; Fig. 2.3 Under Full cost transfer pricing, assuming an optimum company output level of 5,000 units per Fig 2.0 the fixed cost per unit of Simbaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intermediate product will be $10 ($50,000/5000 units) thus a full cost of $19 ($10 fixed cost/unit + $9 variable cost/unit). If the transfer price is $19 ($19,000 per 1000 units) the receiving unit will purchase only as long as the net marginal revenue exceeds the transfe r price. The optimal level for the receiving division will be at 4,000 units at which level the net marginal revenue will be $35,000 (Fig 2.3), hence they will not want to operate at 5,000 units which is the optimal level for the whole Group. Further at the selected level of output the Simba division total costs will exceed its transfer revenue. Its transfer revenue will be $ 76,000 ($19*4,000) whilst its costs will be ($36,000+$50,000). (Fig. 2.1). This price therefore does not ensure that optimal output decisions are made and also not suitable for performance evaluation. Under this pricing approach managers often have no incentive to control costs since these will be passed on to the buying division. However if the division has spare capacity and cannot sell externally then this approach could be justified (Weetman 2010). 4.3Cost plus a mark- up transfer prices It is possible to add a mark up to the full cost of the intermediate product to ensure that the supplying division makes a profit. The profit should justified or it will be a matter of contention between the two divisions (Atrill McLaney, 2012). The purpose of transfer pricing is to motivate both the supplying and receiving divisions to operate at an optimum level for the Group. In this case this level is 5,000 units. Assuming that our transfer price (based on cost plus mark-up) is $40, obtained from the summation of the fixed cost per unit, variable cost per unit and a mark-up, the profit computations for each division will be as tabulated in figure 2.1 2.2 above. Whilst the supplying division will maximize profits at 6,000 units (Fig 2.1) the receiving division will maximize at 3,000 units (Fig 2,2), none will be willing to operate at 5,000 units (Fig 2.0) which is the optimum level for the Group. The receiving division will not increase output beyond 3,000 units because the tr ansfer price charged beyond this level $ 40,000 ($40*1000) exceeds the net marginal revenue of $ 35,000 (Fig 2.3). This approach does not offer managers any incentive to control costs since these will passed on the buying division. Operational inefficiencies of the supplying division are passed on to the receiving unit. 4.4Negotiated transfer prices Transfer prices can be set through negotiations between the managers of the selling and acquiring divisions. According to Proctor (2008), this approach works best where there is an active external market for the products as the external market price will signi ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ cantly in ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡uence the transfer price by acting as a reference point. Also in this case divisional managers are free to accept or reject offers made by other divisions. This method may however lead to severe disputes in cases where divisional manager fail to agree on a price which may require the intervention of senior management. It can be time consuming and may distract top management from their strategic role. Senior management intervention may also be interpreted by the divisional managers as undermining the autonomy of divisions (Atrill McLaney, 2012). In other circumstances the negotiated prices may be artificial and misleading; especially in divisions whose managers have poor barga ining skills. For negotiations to work effectively it is important that managers have equal bargaining power. 5. CONCLUSION In the absence of a perfect market for the intermediate product none of the transfer pricing methods can perfectly meet both the decision making and performance evaluation requirements and not undermine divisional autonomy. A solution may be based on marginal cost with a fee added that provides some reward to the selling division without discouraging the buying division. What matters is that both divisions employ decisions that benefit the overall organization.